Solar Photosphere – Convective Cells Surrounding Sunspot AR 4114 Reveals Different Shapes, Sizes and Elongation
Alqueva´s Dark Sky Reserve | By Year: 2025 | Solar Ha | Soleye
This is the first light of Soleye 300 dual-band on the photosphere, revealing the shape of convective cells – granulation – in continuum emission with Baader Calcium GENII (Ca-K 5nm filter). The image shows a close-up of a group of sunspots named as Active Region 4114, and if you notice carefully they are surrounded by hundreds of granules. Ground seeing has a role on allowing us to achieve the diffraction limit of the telescope and this is yet far from from its maximum power resolution, but I’m excited to the level of detail just in poor-average seeing conditions, as it seems to be very promising. What are then these Granules? The 4 cropped images at 100% zoom visible below, can easily help to understand the explanation by Dr. Jan Jurcák, from the Astronomical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic:
“The solar surface is constantly heated from deeper layers. The heating is provided in the form of bubbles of hot material that rise convectively through the sub-surface layers. These convective cells are called granules and appear as bright dots on the solar surface. Their typical size is around 1000 km. Granules are sensitive to the presence of magnetic field. Their shapes, sizes and lifetimes are highly dependent on the magnetic field properties. With increasing field strength, the granules become smaller. In the extreme cases of sunspots, the magnetic field is strong enough to suppress convective motions, the solar surface cools down considerably and appears dark compared to its surroundings. The magnetic field is strongest in the darkest regions, but its presence can be recognised also in other areas, where the granules are smaller, brighter, or very elongated, and in the myriad of tiny bright points sitting in between the granules.“ These images were captured from Dark Sky® Alqueva, Portugal.
PT: Esta é a primeira luz do novo telescópio solar Soleye 300 dual-band, e que mostra a fotosfera constituída por células convectivas – granulação – em emissão contínua e captada com o filtro Baader Calcium GENII (filtro Ca-K de 5 nm). A imagem mostra um grande plano de um grupo de manchas solares denominado Região Activa 4114, e se observar atentamente, estão rodeadas por centenas de grânulos. O seeing terrestre tem um papel fundamental ao permitir atingir o limite de difração do telescópio, e embora nestas imagens esse limite ainda esteja longe do seu máximo poder resolvente, o nível de detalhe mesmo em condições de visibilidade média-baixa, é surpreendente e bastante promissor. Mas de que se tratam então estes grânulos tão difíceis de captar a partir da Terra? As 4 imagens recortadas com zoom a 100%, visíveis abaixo, podem facilmente ajudar a compreender a explicação do Dr. Jan Jurcák, do Instituto Astronómico da Academia de Ciências da República Checa:
“A superfície solar é constantemente aquecida por camadas mais profundas. O aquecimento é fornecido sob a forma de bolhas de material quente que sobem convectivamente através das camadas subterrâneas. Estas células convectivas são designadas por grânulos e aparecem como pontos brilhantes na superfície solar. O seu tamanho típico é de cerca de 1000 km. Os grânulos são sensíveis à presença de campo magnético. As suas formas, tamanhos e tempos de vida são altamente dependentes das propriedades do campo magnético. Com o aumento da intensidade do campo, os grânulos tornam-se mais pequenos. Nos casos extremos de manchas solares, o campo magnético é suficientemente forte para suprimir os movimentos convectivos, a superfície solar arrefece consideravelmente e parece escura em comparação com o ambiente circundante. O campo magnético é mais forte nas regiões mais escuras, mas a sua presença pode ser reconhecida também noutras áreas, onde os grânulos são mais pequenos, mais brilhantes ou muito alongados, e na miríade de pequenos pontos brilhantes situados entre os grânulos. Estas imagens foram captadas por mim a partir do Dark Sky® Alqueva, Portugal.
Above 4 different crops from the original 100% image, are showing the convective cells in detail, revealing different shapes, sizes and elongation, each one with an average size of 1000km. PT: Acima, 4 cortes diferentes da imagem original a 100% mostram as células de convecção em detalhe, revelando diferentes formas, tamanhos e alongamentos, cada uma com um tamanho médio de cerca de 1000 km.
Technical details | Detalhes Técnicos
Soleye 300 Dual-band | EQ-6 Pro mount | APM + Telecentric Barlow | Player One Apollo 428M Max Pro | Baader filter Calcium GEN-II (Ca-K 5nm) | Stack of 200 frames for each single image, captured in average seeing conditions from Dark Sky® Alqueva territory, Portugal.
Important Note | Nota Importante: Never look and point a telescope or any other optical equipment directly to the sun without a proper and specialized safty filters! It can blind you forever. PT: Nota Importante – Nunca aponte um telescópio ou qualquer equipamento óptico directamente para o sol e observe através dele sem filtros especializados e seguros. Causará cegueira irreversível!
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